An Australian christmas

Ever since we moved, it has been hard to get in the Christmas spirit. Because of the difference of seasons and weather from the Northern hemisphere, Australians celebrate Christmas in a much different way from Americans.

As an example, these are the Australian lyrics for 'Jingle Bells'. There are notes below to explain some of the different lines. The lyrics also include some Australian words and terms.

Dashing through the bush
In a rusty Holden Ute
Kicking up the dust
Esky in the boot
Kelpie by my side
Singing Christmas songs
It's Summer time and I am in
My singlet, shorts and thongs

(chorus:)

Oh! Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells
Jingle all the way
Christmas in Australia
On a scorching summer's day
Jingle Bells, Jingle Bells
Christmas time is beaut
Oh what fun it is to ride
In a rusty Holden Ute.

Engine's getting hot
We dodge the kangaroos
The swaggie climbs aboard
He is welcome too
All the family's there
Sitting by the pool
Christmas day, the Aussie way
By the barbecue!

(chorus)

Come the afternoon
Grandpa has a doze
The kids and uncle Bruce
Are swimming in their clothes
The time comes round to go
We take the family snap
Pack the car and all shoot through
Before the washing up

(chorus) 

Rusty Holden ute

Verse 1
Line 1: Bush is Australian for forest or another type of wilderness.
Line 2: Holden is a popular Australian car company. A Ute is a Two Wheel Drive car with a cargo tray.
Line 4: An esky is a portable cooler. A boot is the trunk of a car.
Line 5: A Kelpie is a type of medium-sized dog bred in Australia for herding sheep.
Line 7: In Australia there are two seasons: Summer(More like the Wet season in tropical regions) is from October to March. Winter(the Dry season) is from April to September.

Chorus
Line 4: The Australian summer is literally scorching. In July, the ultraviolet index reaches 13 in Brisbane, but only 10 in eastern American cities like New York and Washington D.C. This is due to the thin ozone layer around the south pole.

Verse 2
Line 3: Swaggie is short for swagman.
Line 6: Many Australian residents have pools, because of the intense summer heat.
Line 7: Australians tend not to use words that are more than two syllables long or too difficult to pronounce. This leads to shortening words like university(uni), Australian(Aussie) and breakfast(brekkie).
Line 8: The 'Aussie' way to celebrate Christmas is to cook meat(sometimes kangaroo meat) on a barbecue.

A HUNDRED POSTS!!!

A hundred posts! This is a major achievement for all writers in Lyra's Letters.

To celebrate, we've made a list of the top 10%, or ten best, posts from the last twenty-one months, and reviewed them. We've also made links to those posts below, so you can read them!

Before we begin, let's add some extra information:

Of the 100 posts, no less than 54 were informational. Personal comes second at 15 posts. We also posted 7 notices for various reasons. The remaining 33 posts were poems, links, knowledgeable/personal, and other.

So, here are the top ten:

10. "Poem"
By Arwin G

Being the youngest author of the blog, Arwin deserved to have one of his posts on the list! The article, a poem as the name suggests, was one of the first ever published on Lyra's Letters. Note: Due to some technical difficulties, there isn't a "T" at the beginning of each line.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2014/02/poem.html

9. The North East
By Daniel G

The North East was a post about the author's travels in the rugged sandstone country of Queensland's central plains. It covers Carnarvon Gorge; the Bunya Mountains;  Cania Gorge; the Blackdown Tablelands. It is accurate and looked better than many "personal" posts. So it earned a place in the list.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2015/10/the-north-east.html

8. Explorations of the Solar System
By Wytse G

Explorations of the Solar System is primarily about planets, and highlights the new pictures of Pluto as well as covering a lot of history. It is informational only. It is also one of the best posts published this year.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2015/07/explorations-of-solar-system.html

7. Ascent of the South Side of Mount Barney
By Daniel G

This is perhaps the best post that is completely about personal experiences, and the only one about hiking and not vacations. It is the experience itself, and not the writing, which makes this post good. It was written about two kids and their father tackling the 1354m summit of Mount Barney. Interested? Click on the link below. . . .
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2015/08/ascent-of-south-side-of-mount-barney.html

6. Medical uses of gold in the past
By Wytse G

This post was originally written to enter a contest in The Helix magazine. It was a winning article. It won the contest mainly because of the vocabulary used, and that it was short instead of taking up pages. For these reasons it was included in our list.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2014/04/medical-uses-of-gold-in-past.html

5. How a wooden stick started World War II
By Daniel G

So, how did it? How could a minor invention in the Middle East begin a world war countless generations later? That's what this article explains, by working back from 1939.
  http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2014/11/how-wooden-stick-started-world-war-ii.html

4. Childhoods of my grandparents
By Wytse G

This is undoubtedly one of the longest posts, but instead of dragging on a single topic it is filled with information. It is about the 1940's, when my grandparents were, at the most, my age. It is about a world seldom imagined or thought about except as being a time when TV was new.
 http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2015/11/the-childhoods-of-my-grandparents.html

3. The stars of the Earth
By Daniel G

This post is the one best purely informational post on the entire blog. It incorporates some history, but focuses mainly on whatever people mine. The best thing about this post is how well it incorporates many different sources of information in a compact article.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2014/11/the-stars-of-earth.html

2. My vacation in the Australian Outback
By Wytse G

This post focuses on a vacation all of us took, which traveled across the desert and under the shadow of Uluru. It was an exceptional piece of writing about an exceptional vacation. The post was the first of three about the vacation, so we made three links. Being a combined experience/informational post adds a twist.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2014/12/my-vacation-in-australian-outback.html
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2015/02/my-vacation-in-australian-outback-2.html
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2015/04/my-vacation-in-australian-outback-alice.html

1. How to get rid of an Australian land leech
By Daniel G

This post was not particularly well written, nor about a particularly interesting subject. It was one of the first posts ever written. The special thing about the post is how classic it is. When it first came out, it was quite popular and quickly received a large number of views and comments. In other words, it was an instant hit.
http://lyrasletters.blogspot.com.au/2014/05/how-to-get-rid-of-australian-land-leech.html

Advice corner

Arwin's advice corner!

I will answer all questions every week on sunday.

Ask questions in the 'comments' section below.

An Illusion

Here is a link to the video "The Monkey Business Illusion", one of the weirdest optical illusions I have ever seen. I encourage you to write in comments how much you saw!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IGQmdoK_ZfY

The present we got on st. nicholas' day

The present we got on St. Nicholas' day,
We thought it was good so we bothered,
To run down the stairs but unto our dismay,
All that we found was our father.

It's Not All About Money

The movement of money, resources, and wants controls whatever is happening in the world. It created the Great Depression out of nothing, and similarly created money out of nothing. Our name for this powerful force is Economics, the subject of the article.

When asked what economics is, many people find it impossible to describe. Economics is not about money; it has nothing to do with money. Economics is whatever people need or want, lose or gain. It is driven by human wants and needs. The basic problem of economics is unlimited wants constantly battling limited resources. Some people may never admit they really want anything, but anybody, negating outside influences, would take the world if it was offered to them. Nobody escapes making economic choices every day, even if they lived in a cave and foraged for vegetables. Going to work/school on a given day is an economic decision; if you decided just to relax at home all day without telling the boss/teacher, you might get in trouble, but you would get enjoyment from a day off.

Economics is driven by producing, selling and buying. There are three basic economic models. The first one is controlled market economy, where the government owns all the businesses. Governments try to keep as many jobs as possible, and tend to be very inefficient. An open market economy is where there are no rules. Although that might sound good, open market businesses never go for things that will lose them money, so as a result hospitals would be crazily expensive and there would be virtually no public transport.

The problems with both of these models can be solved by making a mixed market economy, where the businesses are private and the government makes some rules. Some problems include excessive paperwork for companies and less competition compared to open market, but this system was historically the most efficient and most countries have it.

I recently watched a video about economic models explained with cows. You have two cows. If the State takes them and gives you some milk, you have a controlled economy. If you trade one for a bull, multiply your herd and retire with lots of money, that's capitalism or a mixed economy. If you trade one for vegetables and use milk from the other to "pay" your rent for housing, that's more like Marxism, a Utopian vision which has not gone much farther than being a generation-old dream and has never been tried out.  To find more examples, check the link below.

 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mSl-_UVMXpc

The childhoods of my grandparents

This post is about the parents of my father. They were both born in 1939, and grew up in the 1940s and 1950s in the American Midwest. The purpose of this post is to explain what life was like for children and adults back then.

There were no video games at that time, and TV was very new back then. My grandmother remembers one time when she was in Brownie Scouts(the young Girl Scouts), and her troop went to one girl's house because she was the only one in the troop that had a TV. When they turned it on, the screen just showed a test pattern, like the one on the right. The test pattern would be on in between programs(The old televisions only had about three channels, and not very many shows). The troop waited for a while, but no shows came on, so they left.

As you can see, TV wasn't all that great back then, so children entertained themselves by playing "make-believe" games like House, and other games like hide-and-seek. Plastic had not been invented yet, so toys were made of rubber, metal, and wood, like the Jacks set on the left. My grandparents also played board games and read books.


Computers were another change from back then. For example, people had to go to the library to look up things. There were also no good word processors, so they had to write something down first and then type it up on a typewriter. When you press a key on a typewriter, it would push some levers and a metal arm with a letter raised from it would go up and press on a ribbon. The ink on the other side of the ribbon then gets pressed on to a sheet of paper. The big difference in between writing with a typewriter and writing with a word processor is that if you wanted to correct a mistake or add another paragraph in a place where you had already written, you would have a lot of trouble going back and changing it!

Making copies of written things was also hard. It was done with carbon paper. Carbon paper is paper with loose ink or another pigment on one side, so if something, like the type on a typewriter, was pressed on the coloured side, then the black side would transfer its pigment to a sheet of paper below the carbon paper. In this way, it was possible to make copies while typing. For a short time before my grandmother went to college, she got a job as a clerk-typist at a clinic. Every day, she got a list of doctors that were out that day, and her job was to type up that list and, using eight sheets of carbon paper, make eight copies of the list to send to different departments.

                 

For art there were crayons and pencils, but no magic markers. The only pens were fountain pens. There were jars of ink and to fill up the pen you had to put its tip into the jar, and then pull a little lever to suck up the ink. In the 1950s, they had cartridges of ink that you could just put into the pen. One problem with fountain pens was that they work using a little channel that the ink runs through, so they would often leak and make blotches of ink on the paper.

The amount of polio cases in children and adults in the United States.

Another change that happened since the 1940s was polio vaccine. Polio was a very scary disease that mostly affected children. The poliovirus is a very simple virus that infects the gastrointestinal tract and usually causes minor symptoms such as fever and sore throat, but sometimes breaks into the central nervous system and causes paralysis, respiratory arrest and death. Parents, being scared of the disease, would not let their children go in to public places like swimming pools and movie theatres. Because poliovirus can only infect humans and cannot reproduce in nature, introduction of the polio vaccine has eliminated polio from most of the countries in the world and dropped the number of cases from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 52 in November 2015. This has caused a huge difference to the world, because all the worry that this disease has caused in countries like the United States is gone now.

Another thing that people were afraid about was World War II. When it started, the United States, facing unemployment and economic disaster due to the Great Depression, was reluctant to join, and only sent money and weapons to the Allies instead of soldiers. At December 7, 1941, the Japanese bombed a naval base at Pearl Harbour, Hawaii. The United States government finally spent more money to start up the economy and hire more soldiers to join the War, ending the Great Depression. You have probably heard of famous battles like the ones in Okinawa and Iwo Jima in the Pacific, and Omaha beach in Europe at D-Day. Other famous times included VE day(Victory in Europe), when Germany surrendered, and VP day(Victory in the Pacific), which was the surrender of Japan. How did all of that affect peoples' lives during the 1940s? For one thing, poor families lost fathers and older brothers, when they went to become soldiers in the War to support their families. Other people followed the news in theatres or with the newspaper. In American cities, there were air raid drills, when people covered up all of the windows with blankets or turned all the lights off, so that no light could be seen from outside, or above. This was probably because they were scared that enemy bombers could see the light and bomb the city, like they did in World War I.

The basic crowd opinion of everybody in the U.S. was that people on their side were "the good guys" and that the opposing countries were "the bad guys"(When they were young, my grandparents played games where they pretended to be heroic soldiers who were going around, killing the Japanese). This opinion has led to war many times, war strengthens that opinion, which leads to more wars, and so on. As population grows, resources decrease, and gases in the atmosphere cause climate change, the countries must learn to co-operate, and deal with these problems.

War

You must all know about the crisis going on in Syria and Iraq right now. Millions of refugees are fleeing Syria. The powers of the world are getting involved in it, and there is no end of war in sight.

Why doesn't anybody do anything about it? How did Syria get into this mess in the first place???

I'll explain. It started many years ago, at the end of the Second World War.

At the end of the war, everybody was settling down into new boundaries, but the Middle East had not been defined yet. So the more powerful nations met together to discuss countries in the Middle East. They eventually came up with a plan to create several new countries such as Syria and Israel. In these tiny countries, ethnic communities were scattered, and each group wanted to rule. In Syria, the democratic rule set down by the founders of the country toppled and was replaced by Alawite rule. Alawites are an ethnic minority in Syria. The dictator himself was Hafez Assad, who ruled until he died in 2000.

The new dictator, Bashar Assad, promised a democracy after several peaceful protests. The protests were triggered by other countries toppling their dictators in the Arab spring. However, Assad remained the dictator, while imposing restrictions on the Sunni, the ethnic majority in Syria. He soon became very unpopular. Starting around 2011, protests became riots. Eventually, the people armed themselves and braced for a civil war. Everything began with little groups, mostly in the West of Syria, fighting back. Some of the groups began to join together, and some of these larger groups were strong enough capture entire pockets of land from the government.

Around August, the forces joined together, took over vast areas in the west and north of Syria, and called themselves the rebels. As the government of Syria began to weaken, a new group entered the battle, the Kurds. They came from the north of Syria, and have been creeping slowly southward ever since. Before the Kurds entered the war, the Gulf states had been supporting the rebels, and Russia had been against them. The United States had not actively entered the war, but they favored the rebels. Now that a third group had been introduced, everything changed. The United States could not decide who to support. Russia and other countries had trouble deciding, for various reasons, to support the war.

Around this time, millions of refugees began spilling out of Syria. The war had begun in its earnest. In 2014, yet another group had joined the war; the extremist group known now as the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, or ISIS. The group, in an aim to create a new country, expanded into Iraq and Syria, mass killing people and galvanizing the world against them. They took over a lot of land from the rebels and the Kurds, and became the richest terrorist group in the world. Around January 2015, they were turned around in Iraq. To compensate for lost territory, they expanded into Syria and now have taken over about 55% of the country, but they are slowing down there too. Some are worried that this may cause the Islamic State forces to take the battle to the international scheme, like what happened in France. ISIS are attempting to draw the world to them because they want an apocalyptic battle to happen in Syria. They believe they will go to heaven by going down fighting.

There is no knowing when this will end or how. However, whoever wins power over Syria will inherit a country in ruins, with the responsibility of cleaning up an entire desert.

Despite the violence going on, most of the civilized world is not concerned with the war, but with the refugees coming from it. A quarter of Syria's population has already fled Syria, and there are more to come. Some are afraid of this swarm of refugees, but there is not much reason to be. They are capable of integrating themselves into a new community, and may help the society of Western countries in years to come.

Movements

 A hundred thousand years back, mankind had just evolved in the Great Rift Valley of Africa. These people had fires, arrows, spears, and an advanced brain. They had power over many tools and inventions, but all of these inventions were created millions of years before. No human development seemed to be happening.

Suddenly, a drought appeared, and all sources of water in the valley dried up. And the newly evolved species began to move away, first to the south and west. When the drought lifted, people kept moving away, for they had found more fertile valleys to live in. Around 80,000 years ago, people crossed the then very wide land bridge between Africa and Asia. They poured out into a series of muddy valleys, and kept on going. Somewhere in this land, which is now the Middle East, the people split into two different types; generally white people and black people. The black people filled up the rest of Africa and went on to China, India, Australia and Melanesia.

Meanwhile, a group of lighter-skinned people made their appearance in Europe, covering the continent by 40,000 years ago. Some of these lighter-skinned people resumed their colonization, and streamed into northern China through Siberia. They or the other darker-skinned group eventually colonized Polynesia around 5,000 years ago. Around China the genome changed, and gave rise to Native Americans. This stream of people traveled across the land bridge into the Americas and arrived at Cape Horn 10,000 years ago.

Homo Sapiens had just conquered the world. While they were doing so, to fit in with whatever place they were in, they had made many new inventions; the raft in Polynesia, the boomerang in Australia, the bullroarer in Africa, farming in the Middle East. The entire species had developed greatly, just because they had to move out.

That was when people settled down -- well, not really. People have been on the move forever since, whether for family, or for money, or as refugees from drought, war, or famine. Most people do not live in the same house their great grandfather was born in. Humans are always on the move.

Migrations of people still help shape the world today. If nobody ever moved to a different place, all 7 billion people in the world today would have lived in one concentrated spot in the Great Rift Valley of Africa.

The Great Barrier

Some continents may be low and flat, but not one continent exists in which there are no mountains.

Mountains are the pulsing heart of regions with infrequent rain or little snow, because snow collects on high mountains in the winter to melt in the spring, creating a fluctuation of growth which make the growing season for plants and trees longer. And mountains don't just do that; they create barriers which can steer away heat and trap rain in parts of the world, usually on the eastern side of a mountain range. In this way the American Rockies created the Mississippi River Basin, an area of great growth and richness (although not in the cities) and the Andes created the Amazon Basin. The highlands of western China guards, to a certain extent, Beijing from the wind and dust of the Gobi Desert.

Mountains are one of the most important biomes in the world, and must be protected. In this blog entry, I am going to write particularly about low mountains.

Although low ranges of mountains are not as influential as big ones, they do make a big difference to environments. The natural ecosystems east of the Appalachian Range in the USA, or what's left of them anyway, are very different to the forests of the Range itself, or the plains behind them. The Appalachian Range forests are part of one big plateau, the top being light woodland and dense scrub, the bottom being tall, stately trees with little underbrush. The lands to the West are dry woodland and some grasslands, and the coastal vegetation is mostly open woodland dominated by low trees.

The forests, alpine fields, grasslands and equatorial forests of the Great Divding Range in Australia are completely different from the Appalachians. To the west are dry, hot, dusty grasslands, and to the east are coastal forests and ranges which vary from place to place. However, for the mountains themselves, it really depends on which part of the map you are pointing to. To the northernmost end of the range stand equatorial swamps of great size, spanning the large Cape York Peninsula, and just to the south of that is the Daintree Rainforest, the only rainforest in Australia, which contains some of the oldest species in the world.

To the south of this is a very large in which there are a few scattered hills, but overall the entire place is dry and dusty, like a desert except for periodic floods. Eventually these tablelands are broken by a vast tabletop mountain and a colorful range called the Carnarvon Gorge, which contains several spectacular gorges and slot canyons, pillars and layered tiers of bare rock. Further to the south, is the beginning of a large World Heritage Area, the Gondwana Rainforests. These forests have basically been preserved in time, and a thick layer of fog only the highest mountains can pierce, for 100 million years.

To the South of that is the Blue Mountains, a massive wilderness of narrow gorges, parts of which are so remote entire types of trees have been quite recently found there. Then the Snowy Mountains, the only area in Australia where snow settles. Finally, the mountain range curves to the West and ends with a group of razorback ridges called the Grampians.

An explanation of why the two mountain ranges are so different can be derived from their formation. The Appalacians were formed by a great uplift that began many years ago. This means the mountains were mostly uniform in height in composition. The Great Dividing Range of Australia was formed by a volcanic hotspot like Hawaii. This means that, like piece of paper being moved below a hole puncher, the earth's crust was repeatedly punctured by a magma plume, causing earthquakes, and volcanoes. During each "puncture", the volcanoes varied in size, intensity, and height, explaining why some parts of the Great Dividing Range was only uplifted in some areas whereas others are completely made of basalt or granite. This creates an incredibly varied landscape.

Of course, this does not mean all "uplift" mountain chains are uniform along their length. The Himalayas, for example, certainly aren't. This is because the Himalayas are made of a particular type of rock that only  weathers most in certain situations. The American Rocky Mountains are slowly being stretched apart so that the Southern part of the chain is lower than the northern part.

Wherever they are, however they are formed, however high they are, mountains will always serve as driving forces in the culture and prosperity of peoples around the world. They will always serve as "great barriers".

The North East

 The Beginning

Last vacation, I went to Tasmania, the southeasternmost state of Australia. Now, almost 6 months later, I travel in Australia's northeasternmost state; Queensland.

In the Tasmania vacation, my prime objective was to climb Cradle Mountain. Traveling in the southeast corner of Queensland, we would spend the longest time in one place: Carnarvon Gorge on the Great Dividing Range, part of Carnarvon National Park, one of Queensland's largest.

We began the trip by driving through the northernmost Brisbane suburbs, which extend up to 50 kilometres from the city itself.

Half an hour later, we were in the Sunshine Coast. The Sunshine Coast is known for its beaches and natural beauty, but we completely surpassed the beaches, driving off of the main highway and driving inland on a narrow, hilly road known as the D'Aguilar Highway. We had filtered views of the Glass House Mountains, isolated volcanic plugs that to me looked very much like grassy teeth, pointed upward toward the sky. And that was it for the Sunshine Coast.


After the road climbed a bank of low hills, we entered the D'Aguilar region. This was an area of wooded hills and dry, hilly country, small towns and no rivers. To the south, the D'Aguilar Range was visible. The range runs for over 90 kilometres from where we were all the way to Mount Coot-tha, which is just 5 kilometres from the Brisbane CBD.

Suddenly, the highway curved north and joined several much smaller roads also bound for the Whitsunday Coast and the coal port of Rockhampton, which sits in an otherwise desolate sweep of coastline nobody would have lived in if it wasn't for the coal mines. Dozens of destructive, open-cut coal mines in the hot, dry plains between the Great Dividing Range and the sea. Our route led away from the coast, but we would still find evidence of the black rock deep under the soil.

Now we were in the main part of the trip. It looked like some giant had pounded the ground hard with a mallet. A really dusty one. There were no landmarks, no mountains or even hills, and the land would look and feel like the Sahara if grass had not evolved to live there. Suddenly, as the sun approached the horizon, I saw a line of hills slowly rise out of the dust. Even the dust disappeared. What replaced it was real earth. A few minutes later and I was there: Cania Gorge.

Cania Gorge

Cania National Park looked like nothing when I first arrived; just two hills with a gap in the middle. However, the gap between the hills is very narrow and lined with cliffs, and there are equally narrow side gorges. The walks lead to lookouts, caves, and waterholes.

The campground at Cania Gorge, which I stayed at for two nights, was next to an empty streambed. Most of the walks began at the campsite itself. I had a good night's sleep in the tent, and the first thing I saw that morning was Big Foot.

Big Foot was almost visible from the campsite, and was only 100 metres from it. It was a massive stain in the rock shaped like a foot. Not very interesting, but it was worth the short stroll.

Under towering cliffs, we continued walking on the valley floor. In a few minutes, the path bent a little and led into a side gorge.

The gorge was narrow and dark, and parts of it were like a slot canyon. The streambed was dry. After an hour of walking, I reached a waterhole, and almost jumped with joy. After walking through some hot, dry landscape, I had reached a deep waterhole, complete with a waterfall and lined with ferns and moss.

The next part of the walk climbed steeply up a slope, passing some large walls of rock. At the top of the slope, scrubby plants dominated. While walking, I decided the entire landscape seemed eerily familiar to me. Then, it hit me. The rocks, the dry ravines, the steep slopes and cliffs, and the scrub reminded me of Brisbane Water National Park, a place almost exactly like this, except much larger. Brisbane Water National Park was a place I hiked in a lot before I moved.

The path, gradually sloping upward, arrived at Giants Chair, a lookout with "giant" views over the surrounding hills. We did not stop for long, and just after reaching Giants Chair, the path descended an almost sheer cliff. Just below the cliff was the campsite. Since it was still barely noon, we embarked upon another hike.

This hike was much shorter than the previous one, and it visited no less than three sandstone caves. The first and best one was called Two Storey Cave. At first it looked like a normal overhang, until I crawled into the deepest recesses of the cave and found the second storey. The entrance to this deeper part of the cave was just wide for me to squeeze through, but it opened up into a massive space I would never have known existed. I mean, it was the size of a small church.

The second cave, Dragon Cave, was only an overhang, but the third cave, Bloodwood Cave was more interesting because it had this strange pillar in the middle.

Blackdown Tablelands

The second day was more boring than the first. For one, it was longer, and two, it was hotter. Instead of visiting the coast, we followed the Capricorn Highway through desert like country inland.

The first big landmark we saw was Blackwater. Aptly named, Blackwater is the coal capital of Australia. Not like we could not have noticed the presence of coal with those hundreds of coal trains coming from Blackwater and going to the coast.

Shortly after Blackwater, I spotted a high, tabletop mountain on the horizon. As we drew closer, I noticed high cliffs present on all sides of the mountain. This was the Blackdown Tablelands. We exited the highway once again, and the car bumped down a gravelly road. The land slowly became more lush.

Suddenly, we were climbing the side of the mountain. We gained altitude so fast, my ears popped three times. Just beyond the top, there was a lookout. We all got out of the car to have a look.

As soon as I stepped out, I felt like I was in a lost world. The vegetation was very different from what I had ever seen. The lookout was great, and I could see for about 100 kilometres, but there were no other hills in sight. This mountain was alone. I learned later that it had been protected because most of the plants were poisonous.

We had lunch, and set camp. Camp was among strange looking boulders that I could not resist climbing. I had little sleep that night, but it was substantial.

We did four short hikes on the next day. One led to a lookout, and it followed a riverbed that looked like an art museum with the colours and weird shapes of rock. The next one simply took me around the unusual, otherworldly landscape, and so did the next one.

I liked the last hike the best. It descended into a gully, to a waterfall so long it vanished before hitting the massive circular pool below. The entire thing was surrounded by 300 degrees of cliffs that dripped with moss. It was overwhelming to see so much water in such a dry area.

Emerald

On the next day, we left the tablelands, and submitted to another day of driving to a canyon known as Carnarvon Gorge. This day was longer than the previous two driving days, but was somehow made bearable by the hills and interesting towns on the way.

Several hours out, we arrived at Emerald, a town famous for its crystal mines. The town was interesting because everything looked like it was plucked out of the 1930's; the houses, local stores and cafes, and even the public buildings such as the library and the school. Even the McDonald's looked old fashioned.

We had lunch in Emerald (We bought it from the only modern looking building in town, the supermarket) and hit the road again. Soon, the horizon was broken by a line of hills. As we drew closer, I noticed colorful sandstone cliffs everywhere in the mountains. We rested in the last town worthy of its name -- Blinman -- before the emptiness that was the Carnarvon Range,  and set off again. Cattle stations now flanked both sides of the road, like usual since we departed from the Sunshine Coast, but just beyond those cattle stations were massive sandstone cliffs, and just beyond those cliffs were national parks, which preserved massive tracts of unbroken wilderness.

Two hundred kilometres out from Blinman was an intersection, the left branch continuing down a wide valley, and the right branch aiming for the mountains. We took the right branch.

Storms could be seen in the valley. The land changed from cleared land to dry bushland. All views of the white cliffs up ahead disappeared with the open land. Not much longer, we drove past what looked like as massive ribbon of steel, twisted, burnt, bent, and broken. It was sitting in a clearing. I learned I was looking at the Rewan Memorial, an airplane crash site.

The sky looked like it was going to fall on top of us at any moment while we arrived at the campsite. The white cliffs of the Carnarvon Gorge were hidden from us by a line of ridges, but the entrance was just 5 kilometres from the campsite, and it was waiting for me.

Carnarvon - The Lower Gorge

On my first day at Carnarvon, I got up early to begin hiking.

It was a short drive to the entrance of the gorge. People never attempted to make a road that leads into the gorge, which surprised me; it usually seems to me that, if people find a chance to shorten their hike by 10 kilometres, they would take it, but I was later very glad this development did not take place. The gorge itself is a place that must be preserved.

Anyway, I could see the cliffs from the trailhead. They were white and 200 metres tall, the gorge roughly two kilometres wide at this point. Out of it flowed a river, which apparently flows all year; something to see in the harsh landscape of central Queensland.

We crossed the river by rockhopping on stepping stones, and after that the path climbed very quickly. We were very close to reaching the cliffs themselves.

The top of the climb was the site of an intersection. Carnarvon Gorge has a very simple walk system. The main path more or less follows the river, and there are side tracks which climb straight up to the cliffs and the park's various attractions. The first side trail, which was here, scaled the cliffs to a lookout at the top called Boolimba Bluff. It was the only trail that climbed out of the gorge.

The trail, staying out of sight of the river, climbed through a hilly area near the cliffs. There were no views, but there were giant cycads everywhere.

After crossing a few dry gullies, I came in sight of the river again, only for a moment. The cliffs came easily into view, and a large side canyon materialized on the left.  Then the river curved away from me, and trail, six kilometres from its starting point, arrived at the second intersection.

The second side trail led a kilometre into the aforementioned side canyon. I did not take this side trip or any other one on the way up because we were planning to climb into the gorge as far as we wanted to go and do the side canyons on the way back. As "far as we wanted to go" happened to be a very long distance, but not close to the top of the gorge.

We walked for two hours into the gorge. The vegetation kept changing, and we experienced six river crossings. The gorge also kept getting narrower, and the gorge walls only got taller. The fifth turnoff was for an Aboriginal art site, but we did not walk any farther. By this time, the gorge was only 500 metres across.

The aboriginal art site, called the Art Gallery, was possibly the largest I have ever seen. It was painted on a massive smooth wall of rock. We soon moved on, down the gorge.

Then there was a turnoff for Wards Canyon. Three hundred steps up the turnoff there was a beautiful waterfall. It was just below the place where there should have been a bigger waterfall, pouring from the cliffs above.

But there was not another waterfall.

The trail climbed to the top of the waterfall, and at the top was a slot canyon; a canyon a hundred times deeper than it was wide. It was so deep, sunlight must never reach the bottom. At the end, there were a cluster of king ferns, the largest fern in the world; ferns six times taller than me.

The next turnoff was the Ampitheatre. The trail was flat until it climbed a ladder to reach a slot canyon even narrower than Wards Canyon. However, this was not the highlight. The canyon led into a massive rock chamber with a hole in the roof. It really was something to see.

The last turnoff was Moss Garden, the side trail I mentioned earlier. Steps climbed among stranger figs to a spring, where water trickled from the rock into a bed of colorful mosses. It was a nice place to have a sandwich in.

That was the end of the first day of Carnarvon. On the second day, I climbed all the way into the neck of the gorge.

Carnarvon - the upper gorge

That evening, we went to a free talk about the gorge and what there is to see there, by a tour guide.

The person giving the talk began by talking about the geology of the area. Apparently there are three layers of stone in the gorge. The first one is mudstone, and it is all of the rock below the white cliffs of the gorge. It does not form cliffs and erodes easily, explaining the flat nature of the bottom of the gorge.

The second layer of white sandstone is what makes the cliffs. The top of the layer rises 200 metres above the river.

There is a third rock layer, too. It apparently rises 800 metres above the river, even though I never even saw it! It is a basalt cap and it preserves the Carnarvon Range from erosion.

The guide also talked about other things, such as the various attractions in the park. He spoke of three parts of the gorge. There is the lower gorge, which contained everything I had seen on that day, and the upper gorge, which was separated from the lower gorge by 5 kilometres of windy canyons. The last area was the gorge mouth, which included Boolimba Bluff, the riverside walks which were centered around a waterhole, and Mickeys Creek, which seemed to be the guide's favorite place in the gorge. It was some kind of slot canyon.

Anyway, I and Dad planned to take the 22 kilometre hike into the inner gorge.

The hike as far as the Art Gallery felt very different the second time I did it. The first area of rolling hills was burnt and dominated  by giant cycads. After the Moss Garden turnoff, everything changed, and we stayed within sight of the river, walking in the grassy woodland. Further than the Ampitheatre, the walk traveled among sheoaks by the riverbed. And past Wards Canyon, we wandered among giant trees in a rainforest.

Then, past the Art Gallery, everything changed. The walk wandered the riverbed, which was very broad. We were about to walk back into the forest, when we lost the trail. I just could not find it. Afterward, we wandered the broad riverbed, knowing the trail would cross it.

I was very glad to lose the trail. At this point, the gorge became higher than it was wide, and the riverbed almost dominated it. Wandering among the massive cliffs in the middle of nowhere, this was nicer than walking on the trail would be.

After a few sketchy creek crossings, I found the trail again. I followed the track through the trees for four kilometres between colorful cliffs, and came to the Cathedral Cave, an Aboriginal art site. It was relaxing to be away from the sun, under an overhang. After a long rest, I came upon Boowinda Gorge. The gorge was narrow, dark, cool, and filled with butterflies. I wandered down it, walking 600 metres along the boulder-filled canyon. This became my favorite place in the gorge.

The end of the track was arrived at very quickly. It was a place where the river bent, and the cliffs bent too, creating a gorge with a 70 degree cliff on one side and a 120 degree cliff on the other. I felt very far from civilization, as the nearest road seemed very, very far away.

It took 3 hours to walk back, but everything I did to get to this isolated place was worth it.

Carnarvon - The Gorge Mouth

We woke up before the sun rose, and packed up for a 3 hour hike to the top of Boolimba Bluff.

The walk involved climbing 2000 steps. It was very hard. However, from the top, I could see everything. I spotted the three layers of the gorge: A limestone ridge below the gorge, the sandstone cliffs we were perched on top of, and the mysterious third layer, a massive step of igneous rock. I thought the gorge was big, but this third layer gave it an entirely new Grand Canyon dimension.

At the end of the hike, we took another walk, to Mickeys Creek. It took a long, boring walk to get to Mickeys Creek, and after that the trail ended.

There are two gorges in Mickeys Creek: Warumbah Creek, and Mickeys Creek. Warrumbah Creek was the most spectacular, but I also wanted to visit Mickeys Creek. I ran ahead while my brothers were resting, and after running on the creekbed for long enough, I got to the gorge entrance. It was dark and inviting, but I knew my brothers were waiting for me, so I rushed back.

Warrumbah Creek was great. It was a slot canyon so narrow I could touch both sides at the same time, and so deep it was half as deep as the gorge. However, it was crowded, and there were deep pools in the bottom, making it harder and harder to go farther. I got rather far before I gave up.

Conclusion

That was my last day at Carnarvon. Next day, we drove to the Bunya Mountains. I did not stay long, but the Bunya Mountains is a rainforest with a few grasslands. On the next day I went home.

I had seen a lot of stuff in central Queensland and Carnarvon Gorge. I will be back!

The iconic nature of Cradle Mountain

We are lucky to have so much natural beauty around us in the age we live in. There are colourful canyons, beautiful waterfalls, and majestic mountains. One of the most interesting of natural attractions is the volcano. Volcanoes, even the extinct or dormant ones, shape the geography, geology, and culture of the Earth. Examples include the Glass House Mountains, Mount Warning and the Tweed Volcano, and Yellowstone in America. Wherever volcanoes are, they dominate the folklore of the indigenous inhabitants and attract thousands of tourists each year.

Sometimes, after the volcano erodes away so much there is nothing left of the original mountain, the solidified lava that flowed from its top millions of years ago takes shape as a mountain. These mountains can be even more beautiful than the volcanoes that created them. Mount Barney is a good example of such a mountain. Mount Barney is well known as a mountain with amazing views. However, Mount Barney is not well known outside of South East Queensland.

Cradle Mountain is situated in the northernmost part of the Western Wilderness in Tasmania, by far and wide the largest temperate subalpine wilderness left on Earth. Cradle Mountain has been formed out of a vein of dolerite rock. Like most volcanic rocks, dolerite has a tendency to fill crevices in other rocks, creating veins usually about a metre wide, but veins can be as much as 300 metres wide in the case of Cradle Mountain. Dolerite, being one of the hardest rocks in the world, allowed Cradle Mountain to stand without eroding while the rest of the land around it continues to fall away under the relentless toil of water and wind. Cradle Mountain now stands 400 metres above the surrounding plains.

One of the numerous ways visitors see Cradle Mountain is from across Blue Lake, a natural alpine lake. Other visitors like to get closer to the mountain through one of numerous walks in the area, walking to Crater Lake or Marions Lookout. Still more climb to the top to see world-class views and unbroken wilderness extending for 120 kilometres to the horizon line. Walking or even parking in the area of the mountain used to damage the fragile ecosystem of the Cradle Mountain, but since then rangers have installed metal grating on the pathways and established a shuttle bus to transport people to Dove Lake. Because of this Cradle Mountain shows less damage by people than places like Yellowstone do.

Cradle Mountain supports a large array of different animals and plants that depend on Cradle Mountain and its mineral-laden soils. These plants and animals include the Tasmanian deciduous beech, the only Australian plant which sheds its leaves in winter. Due to the high amount of rainfall, cold temperatures, and good soil in the Western Wilderness, the biodiversity of Cradle Mountain is even higher than that of most rainforests.

Cradle Mountain is not the tallest of all mountains in Tasmania, but it's one of the the most accessible and also the most beautiful. I have been to the Grand Canyon, travelled to the fjords of Iceland, and seen the Himalayas from a plane, but the most spectacular place I have ever been to and seen is Cradle Mountain and the Western Wilderness of Tasmania.

Going to school

Some readers may know what this post is about; I stopped homeschooling and started going to school on 24 August.

As in the description, I used to homeschool. It actually became more like unschooling in the last few months as I started to become less focused. As for the blog, I will begin writing fewer posts; something like one every one or two weeks. That should not be a problem, though.

I stopped homeschooling mainly because I wanted more friends. Although there are homeschooling groups everywhere I have homeschooled in, these groups only met a couple times a month. I could never get friends that easily, but interacting with other kids my age, meeting them 6/24, 5/7 and 180/365, and learning with them would be a plus. The prospect of having more than a small handful of friends looked grim if I continued homeschooling. That was not the only reason for going to school, though; I could not concentrate on my homeschooling work. I would just put it off until tomorrow, which meant it kept stacking up. I think nobody was pressuring me to do the work. Now I feel much more motivated to work; problem is, I have less time to do it.

 Anyway, I go to a pretty good school. I am in year (grade) eight. The school has about 1200 students. Kids need to wear uniform, like in the UK, in Australia, which I would like if the uniforms were not so uncomfortable.

Ascent of the south side of Mount Barney

Mount Barney isn't as challenging as Everest, but it certainly isn't easy to climb. In fact, it defeated me, while climbing with my father and my brother, high on the southern slopes of the mountain at 300m below the summit.

I first started to get excited about climbing Mount Barney when I found out there was some good rock scrambling there. I was climbing indoors all the time, and was aching to practice my skills on real rock. And I had, plenty of times before; such as on Mount Olsen-Bagge, a low mountain on the rim of a massive crater-shaped valley known as Wilpena Pound. The mountain, it turned out, was harder to pronounce than to climb, but it was still very steep and required clinging to rocks.

That was a year ago. Half a year before that, I had climbed a disorderly mass of boulders set up not unlike popcorn, which was called Cathedral Rock. Cathedral Rock was easy but required basic rock climbing skills like chimney climbing and gripping smooth rock without handholds. The view was great from the top.

Over a year after that, in the stark, barren mountain wilderness of western Tasmania, I climbed an unearthly spire of bare rock called Cradle Mountain. Cradle Mountain was hard, and my mother was one of about 60% of climbers who turned around before the summit.

On the same trip to Tasmania, I climbed a gigantic bulge of slippery pink granite called Mount Amos. It was one of the Hazards, a row of four granite mountains. At the hardest, Mount Amos required climbing up a 60 degree cliff about 45m high.

So, with all that experience, I thought I would be able to climb to the top.

The North Ridge Route - Planning and going there

Mount Barney is a serious mountain. It can be seen from as far away as the township of Gleneagle, about 70k away. Even from there, it obviously rises above the horizon line. It's only about 1354 meters tall, but its problem lies in its steepness; I would guess it has an average steepness of 45 degrees or more. Every route requires basic rock climbing skills and most require a rope.

Mount Barney is easily compared to Katahdin in America for exposure, steepness, and height. However, it has only one regularly maintained trail, has absolutely no flat ground on its eastern half, even on the ridges, and less people. There are twelve trails, only one of which is maintained. There are eight peaks. The highest one, the West Peak, is 1354 meters tall but doesn't have a good view. The East Peak, just to the east, does have a great view, and it is the most climbed. There are three commonly used ascent routes of the East Peak: the first one, the South Ridge Route, climbs to the saddle between the East and West peaks, and directly up to the summit from there. The Logans Ridge Route ascends from the east, and requires rock climbing skills and a roped climb up a cliff. The Southeast Ridge Route is fairly challenging but not hard.

We were planning to ascend the North Ridge Route to the North Pinnacle, which lies north of East Peak. The North Ridge Route, we discovered later, requires a rope which we did not have. We were planning to tent up on the top at a windy 1200m above. These problems did not stop us, but the late hour did; it was already 12:30 when we arrived at the base of the mountain. We got a topographic map and considered our options. Then we booked a campsite at the saddle between the East and West peaks, and set our eyes on the South "Peasants" Ridge Route, by very far the easiest route up the mountain. (The Peasants Ridge Route was graded class 5, or "very hard")

To the mountain: the Peasants Ridge Route

We walked with full packs from the Yellow Pinch Carpark. The trail forged uphill at a steep grade and reached a cattle gate. At the cattle gate, a rocky trail led up a steep and challenging spur. We walked up it. Still in sight of the cattle gate, I looked up and saw that the spur seemed to end mysteriously. I then realized we were walking Yellow Pinch, a hill that was not remotely close to the mountain.

We backtracked and followed the trail through the cattle gate and into a narrow  pasteurized valley, with golden hills to the left and Mount Barney, a mass of rock the surface of which seemed to be mainly cliffs, to the right. Eventually, we crossed a creek and the trail turned to the right, into a valley of gorge proportions. Then we entered the trees and the national park. We passed two campsites which lay along a bubbling creek. And then we saw what we were waiting for, a rocky trail leading up a ridge.

There was a tree next to the junction. There were markings on it, but I didn't read them until I was on the way down the next day. They said:

NOT
HARD

SE

I should have read them. In any case, when I thought this was the South Ridge Route, it was too late. But luckily the trail was still very enjoyable.

The climb: The South East Ridge Route

We climbed, with full packs, to the top of a ridge.

I thought the climb was steep, and it was. I have rarely climbed up something steeper than that ridge without switchbacking and a lot of steps. But this track had none of that. It just went straight up. And that was only twenty degrees. The top of the ridge revealed fifty degree incline just two hundred meters from us. We stopped and rested, and worried a lot about the time. It was 2:30. We decided we could only barely make it to the saddle before dark.

Just after passing a clearing where walkers were resting, the trail turned thirty degrees up a ridge. More and more outcrops of rock showed around the now slippery path. After passing the foot of a cliff, we veered right and followed the foot of the cliff up the spur. Finally reaching the top of the cliff, we rested. It was 3:00.

We were at only 600 meters above sea level. But already the hills we had walked below looked like mere bumps. Just after leaving the top and continuing up toward another cliff, we bumped into a group of hikers walking down. When we asked how far the saddle was, they said it was two, three hours to the summit and another hour down to the saddle. That was when we realized we were on a different route. It also meant we were out of time. We had to camp somewhere below. We decided to pitch camp at the clearing just below the steep part of the mountain for an ascent the next morning.

Mount Barney was first climbed in the 1820s, though not many ascents were made after that. The last of its pinnacles to be climbed, Leaning Peak, was climbed in the 1930s, and it was a very long time after that when all the peaks were climbed by a single person.

However, in the 1960s, bushwalkers discovered the mountain, and it became almost holy to them. People came back again and again, ascending by the same routes or other routes. Some came with nothing but water on their backs. Many camped and hiked in undesingnated places on trails unknown to most maps. Fifty years later, it's still the case. At our camp, around 8:00 PM, bushwalkers came past, heading up. They weren't even using their head torches. They told us they had given up on the Logans Ridge and were coming here, in the dead of night, to make their ascent. They sounded like they had been on this route before.

My point is, although you really only bushwalk on the mountain, it's climbed in the style of ice climbing. People ascend and camp wherever they want to. If the day is late, many people don't turn around but hike through the night, or bivvy on the peak.

Anyway, we started hiking at 7:00 next morning. We ascended the first cliff in about 15 minutes, but the weather was bad. A cloud capped the mountain above about 900 meters, but it wasn't looking like rain. So we kept on climbing. We skirted to the right of the next cliff, and then started climbing on the ridgeline, which was not very exposed at this point.

Suddenly, the ridge got thinner, at 850m above. There were gaps in the ridge-line which revealed swaying palm trees 200m directly below. And then, we had to climb up to follow a fin of rock that was just a meter wide with 50m drops to either side. On the other side of that fin, the ridge broadened into a wide forest, and we ascended into the clouds.

After climbing for a long time, we reached a peak (1000 meters above sea level) which we thought was the summit, but then the thick fog parted for a moment and ahead was a massive, 50m high cliff. The track led to the right of the cliff, but we still had a slippery bulge of rock 3m high to surmount, wet with condensation.

At this cliff, we stopped for a long time to try and find the best route up. The rock was almost vertical, at about 75 degrees. It was also very slippery. On one side of the rock, another slab over-hanged the bulge, making for a good chimney climb. I tried to go up twice, but the rocks were very smooth and covered with dust, so I kept slipping down. Then, my brother found another route. It was up the other side of the rock, a fracture about ten centimeters wide. The fracture ended before the top of the wall. From there, my brother had to cling like a spider to some "ledges" in the rock which had a slope of sixty degrees, with no holds. Luckily, he got up without slipping.

Then it was my turn. At the end of the fracture, I stepped onto the slope, very reluctantly. I have to admit, I have a little vertigo, and stepping onto almost vertical slippery rock without hand holds would be frightening for anyone. I trembled as I hauled myself up.

 I and my brother managed to get up, but my father could not. We had worries of getting back down if the rock got a little wetter. The fog would furthermore hide all the views we could see from the summit. So, we ditched the summit attempt there, at 1020 meters, and headed back down.

However, I will be back.

Scouting

I am a Scout -- formerly of Woy Woy Sea Scouts, and now part of another troop, after moving. Few people know exactly how many Scouts there are in the world, and few people know just how young the entire Scout organization is.

First of all, let's make this clear: there are two Scout organizations, actually far more, if you include the organizations like the World Organization of Independent Scouts and even more if you include Scout-like organizations like the Royal Rangers. By far the largest and oldest Scout organization is the World Organization of the Scout Movement, or WOSM. These Scouts are called Scouts or Boy Scouts. The second largest is the World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts (WAGGGS). In countries like America where the regular WOSM-associated Scout movement only admits boys to their Scouts, the Girl Guides are called Girl Scouts, and the WAGGGS Scout movement tends to be far larger. In countries where there is only Girl Guides, Girl Guides are simply called "Scouts", and the Scout movement admits boys to their Scouts.

Needless to say, WOSM is larger than WAGGGS... by 30 million Scouts. There are roughly 53 million Scouts in the world, not counting adults. That's about 1% of the entire world population, and 2.5% of everybody under the age of 18.


It's amazing how new Scouts is. Far from being thousands of years old, both Scouts and Guides were started by one man, at the beginning of the 20th century. The man in question was Robert Baden-Powell, whose name is well known in the Scouting society. Baden-Powell served as a lieutenant-general in the British army, and was the garrison commander at the Siege of Mafeking in the Second Boer War. When in the army, Baden-Powell wrote a manual, Aids to Scouting, to be used to train soldiers. By the time the Mafeking siege had been lifted, Aids to Scouting was being used by teachers and youth organizations. Baden-Powell decided to rewrite the book so it could be used by children, and held a camp for 20 boys on Brownsea Island on 1907 to test out his ideas in the book. 

The book itself, Scouting for Boys, was a roaring success. Boys and girls spontaneously formed Scout troops around the world, and within a year, there were almost 25,000 Scouts in the world, 11,000 of which turned up at the Crystal Palace Rally in London in 1909. The Girl Guides movement was formalized under Baden-Powell's sister, Agnes, with help from Baden-Powell himself.

In 1920, the first World Scout Jamboree took place. Jamborees are massive events which happen every three or four years, and involve all the Scouts in a country or even the world. In 1922, there were almost a million Scouts world wide. In 1939 there were 3 million.

Scouts is for ages 11 to 18; however, Cub Scouts was quickly added for years 8 to 12. In some countries, such as Australia, there is Rover Scouts for ages 18 to 26. Some countries even cut Scouts in half, leaving Scouts for ages 11 to 15 and Venture Scouts for ages 14 to 18. The Scout movement has long ago become the largest youth organization in the world. And it's still growing.

Moving to Brisbane

You may notice there have been few posts over the past few months, and that is because I have just finished moving to Brisbane, Queensland from Woy Woy, New South Wales.

It wasn't the longest move I ever did. (The longest was moving from America to Australia, which took four months). It wasn't the shortest, either. (We once moved another house on the same block; that move was so short, I carried my own stuff from one house to the other). However, the move was not short; almost 1,500 kilometers between houses, two days on the road, six days with essentially nothing but our sleeping bags, two and a half weeks with everything packed in boxes, and two weeks after moving with bad Internet.

This was the first move of my life I did not want to do. I had been moving on a yearly basis since I was born, and every two years I had moved to a different state or country. Instead of being sick of it, I felt quite comfortable. However, after ten houses and seven changes of postal address, at the age of thirteen feeling good not having moved in three years, I was sick of it. I didn't want to move to Brisbane.

I've changed my mind since then. Brisbane is a very nice place operated by a local government which actually does things. I live next to Mount Coot -- tha, a mountain which breaks up the city sprawl and gives astounding views of Brisbane from its summit. It's about as good as Woy Woy.

The best thing is, I think we just might stay in Brisbane. My father finally has a good job, and mother actually likes Brisbane. Whatever happens, I just don't want to move again...

Explorations of the solar system

For a long time, people have looked at the stars. Ancient civilisations, such as the Greeks and the Romans, have noticed that five objects in the sky move around. The Greeks have named these objects ἀστήρ πλανήτης(aster planetes), "wandering star". They had a name for each of the planets(Stilbon, Phosphoros, Pyroeis, Phaethon and Phainon), and gave each one a god to which it was sacred to(Hermes, Aphrodite, Ares, Cronus, and Zeus), but the Romans merely named these five after their versions of these gods(Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn). When Uranus was discovered in the 19th century, it was named after the Greek god of the sky, but Neptune was traditionally named after a Roman god, the Roman version of Poseidon.

The only planet we know that has life on it is Earth, and even though it is right under our feet, it took a long time to discover! The ancient Greeks were probably the first to find that that the world was round, more than 2000 years before Columbus. They called it Gaia.

The far side of the moon, photographed by
Apollo 16. Luna 3 was the first spacecraft
 to provide a picture of it.

Earth, as we know, has only one moon, which has a volume of approximately 1/64 of the Earth's. In 1959, the first spacecraft to fly close to the moon, Luna 1, and the first spacecraft to impact the moon, Luna 2, made their missions to the rocky world. A decade later, Neil Armstrong and his crew made the first mission to bring people to the surface of the moon. Two robotic rovers went there in the 1970s.

People have also turned their attention to Mars. The first rover that landed(Sort of, it crashed) on Mars was Mars 2, launched by the USSR in the 1970s. The Viking program was the first to successfully land and operate rovers and landers on Mars. People might be sent there sometime after 2025.

Callisto, one of Jupiter's moons.

The outer planets(Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune) have been closely photographed by the Pioneer, Voyager, Cassini and New Horizons probes. The Voyager probes have gathered information from both gas giants(Jupiter and Saturn), and are still functioning. I will not write anything else about the Voyager probes in this post, because it is about the solar system, and they have both crossed the border into interstellar space.

In the 19th century, five new planets were discovered, Vesta, Juno, Ceres, Pallas, and Pluto. They were all named after Roman gods, due to tradition, and the first four are all in between Mars and Jupiter. These bodies were all reclassified by 2006, Vesta, Juno, Ceres and Pallas as asteroids in the Asteroid belt, and Pluto as a dwarf planet.

At July 14, 2015, New Horizons took close-up pictures of Pluto for the first time, after nine years and seven months of travel. I think these will really change peoples' idea of Pluto. The pictures show that it is yellowish in colour, and displays a big heart-shaped impression on its surface.

Above: An image of Pluto, based on pictures
 taken by the Hubble Space Telescope.
Below: The new Pluto.

The Jenolan Caves

There has ought to be somewhere -- a range of mountains, or a forested island -- near every city, where city people take walks in the forest, or see interesting attractions from wonderful views, or go fly fishing, or canoeing, or simply tour around and see all the sights. For New York, the place is -- I don't know, where do you New Yorkers go for a day out -- maybe the Appalachians or something -- anyway, Sydney has such a place, and it's called the Blue Mountains.

I have already introduced the mountain range on several occasions. It's a gigantic mountain range, and backs up the suburbs of Sydney. It's about five times the size of Sydney itself. The Blue Mountains are not mountains, but a plateau dissected by deep, cliff-lined gorges and valleys, and box canyons half a kilometer high. The southern reach of the Blue Mountains is made of granite and slate, and is composed of deep gorges with steep slopes topped with ranges.

In this southern part is a layer of limestone, a hard kind of rock, made of animal remains, in which beautiful caves form. Some of the oldest and largest caves in the world are located in the southwestern Blue Mountains, including the Jenolan Caves, an immense and spectacular cave system.

Legend has it that the Jenolan Caves were discovered when an English settler was trying to track down an escaped convict who had stolen his horse. The settler found the escaped convict, and walked further down the valley to find himself surrounded by towering limestone arches. A road was hastily constructed from the farming village of Oberon to get tourists to this new attraction.

Soon enough, a dip in the ground was uncovered near Carlotta Arch, one of the grander limestone arches. At the same time, caves, namely the Nettle cave and the Arch cave, were found in an arch called the Devil's Coach House. These caves were covered in dirt, however, and did not have stalactites or stalagmites. In the dip in the ground, pioneers found the entrance to what they called the Elder cave. This cave was very deep, and covered in limestone formations.

One of the explorers found out the cave was a passageway down to an underground river and an arch called the Grand Arch. After this discovery, more caves were found, including the River, Orient, Ribbon, Temple of Baal, Pool of Cerberus, Imperial, Chifely, Jubilee, Lucas, Red, Aladdin, and Mammoth caves. More caves are found all the time.

All the caves above are toured regularly. The Orient is the most beautiful cave. The River cave is the longest. The Elder, Mammoth, and Aladdin caves are used for adventure tours. The Lucas cave is the biggest. And so on.

The Jenolan caves are the largest cave system I have ever been to. Not that I have been to many caves; there are caves in America that are bigger. However, the Jenolan caves is also the largest cave system in Australia, and that's saying something.

Vivid Sydney

    Vivid Sydney is an annual event held at many places in the city of Sydney from May 22 to June 8. It features many light, music and ideas events.
    My family went to Sydney on Monday, May 25, and we did a short walk around The Rocks and Circular Quay. Most of the events start at exactly 6.00 pm.

    During Vivid Sydney, many artworks are displayed, lit up by neon lights, LEDs, and glowing fibres, accompanied by the amazing light shows projected onto the southern pylon of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Customs House, the Museum of Contemporary Art, Argyle Cut, and the sails of the Sydney Opera House.
    Me and my family walked from the Tree Of Light, which is a tree lit up by a huge number of LEDs, to Enchanted Sydney, a projection of images shown on the side of one of Sydney's buildings. Along with all of the artworks, LEDs light up buildings in the skyline, and ships in the harbour.

    One of the first artworks on the trail was Jigsaw. It looks like a group of flashing and fading jigsaw-shaped tiles...from a distance. When the viewer steps closer, he or she may see patterns and details that are not visible from farther away. Jigsaw was built at the quayside, close to the Harbour Bridge.
    During the walk around the artworks, I noticed that the events have changed since 2014. For example, 'A Light Year Ahead' was described as "a space odyssey" last year. Now it appears as a mix of bubbles and strange shapes. Nevertheless, it is a stunning artwork, a cube made of one open side, three screens, and a mirrored floor and ceiling, creating an amazing display.

    Argyle Cut is a huge sandstone tunnel in The Rocks, Sydney. It has a very wide ceiling and during May 22-June 8, 7.00PM-Midnight, The ceiling is used as a projection surface for videos filmed for BBC Earth's Life Story, a six-part series about nature narrated by David Attenborough.



    Two of my favourite Vivid Light events were Enchanted Sydney, projected on the Sydney Customs House, and Mechanised Colour Assemblage, projected on the MCA. They both feature a huge variety of colours, shapes and sounds that blend together to form captivating scenes. The images fit into the structure and architecture of the two buildings, making them look real and three-dimensional. If you want to see one of these light shows yourself, you could search 'Enchanted Sydney Vivid Sydney' or 'Mechanised Colour Assemblage Vivid Sydney' on YouTube, or if you live around, I suggest going to Vivid Sydney. It is really worth having to get through those crowds!

Everest, part II

This article is based on the article "Everest" which was written earlier this month.

From the first ascent of Everest, the numbers of people climbing the mountain quickly increased. Only a decade after the first ascent, an expedition was led up Everest via the incredibly dangerous west ridge route. When forty people made it to the top in one day, a controversy began. Soon enough, the Nepali government closed Everest to all but four expeditions, for only one year. During that year, all the climbers climbed up the north side of Everest, which was thought to be more dangerous. The Nepali government let more groups up Everest, and the next year on Everest was busier than ever.

Even with an increasing amount of people climbing Everest, there have been several controversies since. The root of the first and longest-running controversy was a storm in 1996. Sixteen expeditions were getting ready to climb Everest from the south side that year. Guided expeditions were competing with each other, trying to get the most clients possible to the top of the world.

Three expeditions were on high camp on the night of May 9. There was a noncommercial Taiwanese expedition, and two guided expeditions. The Sherpas were slow stringing fixed lines up the southeast ridge, and it took hours to fix lines to the top of the Hillary Step, a step of rock half an hour below the summit.
The earliest climbers reached the summit by 1:00, which would normally have been a safe turnaround time. The bulk of the climbers summited around 2:00, but people kept on arriving at the summit until 4:00.

Very few people were back in their tents at high camp by the time the storm struck. It came from the south, and was the remnants of a typhoon in the bay of Bengal. It came very quickly, and swept in from below.

A group of people arrived at the flats of the South Col, where the high camp was, but they could not see the tents and quickly got lost. Amazingly strong wind ripped across the South Col, countering the lost climbers, who had just found out where camp was, in the direction of the wind. Wind chill was minus 100 that night. Soon the group collapsed behind a boulder, unable to go further. Two people in the group succumbed to frostbite, one of which died, and one of which was left for dead.

Meanwhile, at the Hillary Step, three climbers were in a desperate struggle for their lives. The climbers included Rob Hall, the leader of a commercial expedition. Two other climbers died of unknown reasons. Rob Hall stayed alive, in the storm, for twenty-four hours before dying of frostbite. Below, at a place called the Balcony, the two other expedition leaders were dying of frostbite. The noncommercial expedition leader, Makalu Gau, was rescued later but lost all of his fingers and toes.

After the disaster, the press tried to blame people for the disaster. The press tried to blame Rob Hall, who had not reinforced the turnaround time at the day, Doug Hansen, a climber crazy with summit fever, who died with Hall, and Anatoli Boukreev, a Russian guide who climbed Everest without supplemental oxygen, and descended far ahead of his teammates. The press did not realize many important things, like how the lack of oxygen must have acted on people's minds that day. Boukreev also spearheaded a rescue attempt for the lost climbers on the South Col, which he could not have done without rest.

There have been several controversies since. The most famous of them circled around the death of David Sharp. Sharp climbed the mountain alone, without Sherpa support. What exactly happened was unknown, but some hours after Sharp began his push for the summit, a group of climbers walked by a climber that was dying of frostbite just below the summit. The group of climbers did not stop to rescue him, as they simply thought he was a member of a commercial expedition that had already made the fateful decision to abandon him.

After more than fifty climbers had passed the dying climber, very few people tried to help him, and many of these people were from noncommercial expeditions. Gradually, the climber's legs curled from frostbite, and he died. Only later did anyone find out he was climbing alone.

A little later in the season, at 26 May, Australian climber was found alive after being declared dead the day before. These people sacrificed their own summit attempt to rescue Hall, and he later made a full recovery. This shows that people attempting the summit should value other's lives over their summit.

Where are all these places?

This is a brief overview of the Southeast Ridge Route of Everest:

Base camp is at the head of a valley which reaches deep into the Everest massif. Climbers fly to the base of the valley and trek for ten days to the foot of Everest.

The first obstacle out of base camp is the Khumbu Icefall. This part of the glacier, sometimes named "suicide popcorn ball" because of the maze of shifting seracs, is the most deadly part of the mountain. Camp I is just above the Icefall.

Above the icefall is the Western Cwm, or valley, which is called the "valley of silence". Camp II, or advanced base camp, is a very safe, provisioned camp. Above the camp is the Lhotse Face, which is the subject of frequent avalanches. Halfway up the face is the steep, barren Camp III. At the top is the South Col, a rocky, windy area of flat ground. Climbers normally begin their summit push from here, but Edmund Hillary set up another camp, at the Balcony, which is three hours above the South Col.

Both camps are in the Death Zone, an area above 8,000 meters above sea level. The Death Zone is an area most people need bottled oxygen for. At 28,000 feet is a mound of snow called the South Summit. At 28,500 feet is the final challenge, a step of black rock known as the Hillary Step. From there, it is relatively easy walking to the summit. Most climbers are exhausted by the trip to the summit, and use every drop of energy on the way down.

A job to be done

Jobs are the force which drives the entire economy (Actually, it's more directly money, but jobs are more interesting and an article about money is likely to be one-sided). It is one of the most efficient ways of managing the system, for everybody gets to work on what they want and live where they want (to a point, of course!) and not everybody is working to make rich guys even richer than they already are.

Besides, if you work hard enough, you are likely to get your dream job. And just remember that, even in the capitalist system, money is not happiness. My father worked hard to get a job as a scientist, despite science not being an industry with a lot of money in it. He is now a physicist, and should be much less happy if he worked as, say, a doctor, despite the amount of work it took to be a physicist.

You know about the DiSC charts that are used to determine four types of people? The assessment was first used by psychologist W. M. Marston.  The borderlines: if the subject perceived oneself as more or less powerful than their environment, and if the subject perceived the environment as favorable or not. There are four possible combinations:

 

Dominance

Perceives oneself as more powerful than the environment, and perceives the environment as unfavorable.

 

Submission

Perceives oneself as less powerful than the environment, and perceives the environment as unfavorable.

 

Inducement

Perceives oneself as more powerful than the environment, and perceives the environment as favorable.

 

Compliance

Perceives oneself as less powerful than the environment, and perceives the environment as favorable.

 

I think the DISC assessment, as well as helping people work together as it is commonly used for, could also be used for determining which kind of jobs people could be good at. "C" people, like my brother, see small details and that could be useful for a science job. "I" people are the most common type, and there are many different kinds of "I" people. A high amount of "S" people are working class and don't exactly have a dream job. I am a "D" person and I want to be a tour guide when I grow up. All of these personality types have their pros and cons, and everybody has a little of each personality.

Every person has a job unless they are young, old, or in big trouble. Since I will be doing a job for a long time, around forty years, I need to choose a job I like. And if I choose wisely, I won't even have to work very much; their job will be my happiness.

Diversity

Small-scale diversity

Since my former house was in the forest ("bush"), I loved to go walking around in the forest. The forest around my old house is a place of contrast, where the dry ridge-tops are bisected by lush gullies choked with tree ferns, where a forest of palm trees borders a rocky creek. The patch of forest was a limited size, for there were more houses on top of the ridge. The access road to these houses also had houses. To the south and west, however, there is a corridor of forest leading directly into the national park, and animals travel along this corridor; I have seen wallabies, lyrebirds, and even an echidna from the front deck of the house.

Australia has more diversification than many other places because of its harshness. The droughts and floods, and the hot summers, force plants to specialize. Some plants grow well in soils rich with nickel, and some go for the damp soils rich in iron. Once a plant evolved in one patch of forest, it would spread to places like the grove it first originated in. As a result, some plants, like the common bracken, would spread to many places because it first evolved in a more typical kind of soil. However, some plants like the Wollemi pine would stay in one place because the type of forest they grow in is very special and rare, like the pine itself.

In any case, I have recorded about twenty forest types around the house, all of which are very different.

Medium-scale diversity 

While I was still living in the Central Coast, I took a visit to Kuring-gai Chase National Park. It protected an area on the other side of the river from where I lived. I thought it would be much the same type of forest that was present on my side of the river; scrub-choked ridge-tops mixed with incredibly steep, forested slopes ending in small estuaries, the entire thing being rich in sandstone rock formations. However, it was entirely different; the ridges were very flat and open, with relatively few hills. There were soft, leaf-covered trails. The ridge-tops tapered off abruptly with steep hillsides clogged with vegetation.

This change might have had something to do with the type of rock on each side. It is all Hawkesbury sandstone, but the bedrock on the south side of the river might be lower down, deeper in the soil.

Large-scale diversity

Maps have been made of the world biodiversity. On the map I most recently looked at, India, Indonesia, and northern South America were all bright red. Diversity decreased to the north and south, with some exceptions, including eastern Australia, which was still yellow at 35 degrees south. Europe looked about as barren as the Canadian tundra, possibly because of all the development. The land around the mountains was surprisingly rich, whereas the mountains themselves were barren.